## main423

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    // main423.cc is a part of the PYTHIA event generator.
    // Copyright (C) 2025 Torbjorn Sjostrand.
    // PYTHIA is licenced under the GNU GPL v2 or later, see COPYING for details.
    // Please respect the MCnet Guidelines, see GUIDELINES for details.

    // Authors:
    //            Leif Lonnblad

    // Keywords:
    //            Heavy ions
    //            Charged multiplicity
    //            Centrality
    //            Angantyr

    // This test program will generate Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 2.76 TeV
    // using the Angantyr model for Heavy Ion collisions. The analysis will
    // divide the event in centrality classes using the same observable as was
    // used for p-Pb in the ATLAS analysis in arXiv:1508.00848 [hep-ex]
    // (see main422.cc). The centrality classes are same as in the ALICE analysis
    // in arXiv:1012.1657 [nucl-ex] although the actual observable used is not
    // the same. Histograms of multiplicity distributions are measured for each
    // for centrality percentile.

    // Note that heavy ion collisions are computationally quite CPU-intensive
    // and generating a single event will take around a second on a reasonable
    // desktop. To get reasonable statistics, this program will take a couple
    // of hours to run.

    #include "Pythia8/Pythia.h"

    // You need to include this to get access to the HIInfo object for HeavyIons.
    #include "Pythia8/HeavyIons.h"

    using namespace Pythia8;

    //==========================================================================

    int main() {

      Pythia pythia;

      // Setup the beams.
      pythia.readString("Beams:idA = 1000822080");
      pythia.readString("Beams:idB = 1000822080"); // The lead ions.
      pythia.readString("Beams:eCM = 2760.0");
      pythia.readString("Beams:frameType = 1");

      // Initialize the Angantyr model to fit the total and semi-inclusive
      // cross sections in Pythia within some tolerance.
      pythia.readString("HeavyIon:SigFitErr = "
                        "0.02,0.02,0.1,0.05,0.05,0.0,0.1,0.0");
      // These parameters are typically suitable for sqrt(S_NN)=5TeV
      pythia.readString("HeavyIon:SigFitDefPar = 2.15,17.24,0.33");
      // A simple genetic algorithm is run for 20 generations to fit the
      // parameters.
      pythia.readString("HeavyIon:SigFitNGen = 20");

      // There will be nine centrality bins based on the sum transverse
      // emergy in a rapidity interval between 3.2 and 4.9 obtained from
      // the borders from the generated transverse energy spectrum. The
      // default settings should give approximately the following:
      double genlim[] = {2979.4, 2400.1, 1587.5, 1028.8, 669.9,
                         397.4, 220.3, 116.3, 54.5};
      // If you change any parameters these should also be changed.

      // The upper edge of the correponding percentiles:
      double pclim[] = {0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8};

      // Book the pseudorapidity and multiplicity histograms and get
      // counters for number of events and sum of event weights:
      typedef map<double,int,std::greater<double> > MapIdx;
      MapIdx genetaidx;
      vector<Hist*> etadist(9), lmult(9), hmult(9);
      string etaname("EtadistC"), mname("MultC");
      vector<double> gensumw(9, 0.0), gensumn(9, 0.0);
      for ( int i = 0; i < 9; ++i ) {
        genetaidx[genlim[i]] = i;
        etadist[i] = new Hist(etaname + char('0' + i), 54, -2.7, 2.7);
        hmult[i] = new Hist(mname + 'H' + char('0' + i),
                            75, -0.5, 2999.5);
        lmult[i] = new Hist(mname + 'L' + char('0' + i),
                            75, -0.5, 299.5);
      }

      // Book histogram for the centrality measure.
      Hist sumet("SumETfwd", 200, 0.0, 4000.0);

      // Also make a map of all weight to check the generated centrality
      // classes.
      multimap<double,double> gencent;

      // Book a histogram for the distribution of number of wounded
      // nucleons.
      Hist wounded("Nwounded", 209, -0.5, 417.5);

      // Profile for average central multiplicity and number of wounded
      // nucleons as a function of centrality (with errors).
      vector<double> cmult(9, 0.0), cmult2(9, 0.0);
      vector<double> wound(9, 0.0), wound2(9, 0.0);

      // Sum up the weights of all generated events.
      double sumw = 0.0;

      // If Pythia fails to initialize, exit with error.
      if (!pythia.init()) return 1;

      // Loop over events.
      int nEvents = 100;
      for ( int iEvent = 0; iEvent < nEvents; ++iEvent ) {
        if ( !pythia.next() ) continue;

        // First sum up transverse energy for centrality measure and also
        // check that the trigger requiring ar least one charged particle
        // forward and backward.
        double etfwd = 0.0;
        bool trigfwd = false;
        bool trigbwd = false;
        int nc = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < pythia.event.size(); ++i) {
          Particle & p = pythia.event[i];
          if ( p.isFinal() ) {
            double eta = p.eta();
            if ( p.isCharged() && p.pT() > 0.1 && eta < -2.09 && eta > -3.84 )
              trigfwd = true;
            if ( p.isCharged() && p.pT() > 0.1 && eta > 2.09 && eta < 3.84 )
              trigbwd = true;
            if ( p.pT() > 0.1 && abs(eta) > 3.2 && abs(eta) < 4.9 )
              etfwd += p.eT();
            if ( p.isCharged() && p.pT() > 0.1 && abs(eta) < 0.5 ) ++nc;
          }
        }
        // Skip if not triggered
        if ( !(trigfwd && trigbwd) ) continue;

        // Keep track of the sum of waights
        double weight = pythia.info.weight();
        sumw += weight;

        // Histogram and save the summed Et.
        sumet.fill(etfwd, weight);
        gencent.insert(make_pair(etfwd, weight));

        // Also fill the number of (absorptively and diffractively)
        // wounded nucleaons.
        int nw = pythia.info.hiInfo->nAbsTarg() +
          pythia.info.hiInfo->nDiffTarg() +
          pythia.info.hiInfo->nAbsProj() +
          pythia.info.hiInfo->nDiffProj();
        wounded.fill(nw, weight);

        // Find the correct centrality histograms.
        MapIdx::iterator genit = genetaidx.upper_bound(etfwd);
        int genidx = genit== genetaidx.end()? -1: genit->second;

        // Sum the weights in the centrality classes, skip if not in a class.
        if ( genidx < 0 ) continue;
        gensumw[genidx] += weight;
        hmult[genidx]->fill(nc, weight);
        lmult[genidx]->fill(nc, weight);
        gensumn[genidx] += 1.0;
        cmult[genidx] += nc*weight;
        cmult2[genidx] += nc*nc*weight;
        wound[genidx] += nw*weight;
        wound2[genidx] += nw*nw*weight;

        // Go through the event again and fill the eta distributions.
        for (int i = 0; i < pythia.event.size(); ++i) {
          Particle & p = pythia.event[i];
          if ( p.isFinal() && p.isCharged() &&
               abs(p.eta()) < 2.7 && p.pT() > 0.1 ) {
             etadist[genidx]->fill(p.eta(), weight);
          }
        }
      }

      // The run is over, so we write out some statistics.

      // Now, we just have to normalize and prtint out the histograms. We
      // choose to print the histograms to a file that can be read by
      // eg. gnuplot.
      ofstream ofs("main423.dat");

      sumet /= sumw*2.0;
      ofs << "# " << sumet.getTitle() << endl;
      sumet.table(ofs);

      wounded /= sumw*2.0;
      ofs << "\n# " << wounded.getTitle() << endl;
      wounded.table(ofs);

      // Print out the centrality binned eta distributions and delete the
      // heap-allocate histograms.
      for ( int idx = 0; idx < 9; ++idx ) {
        *hmult[idx] /= gensumw[idx]*40.0;
        ofs << "\n# " << hmult[idx]->getTitle() << endl;
        hmult[idx]->table(ofs);
        delete hmult[idx];
        *lmult[idx] /= gensumw[idx]*4.0;
        ofs << "\n# " << lmult[idx]->getTitle() << endl;
        lmult[idx]->table(ofs);
        delete lmult[idx];
        *etadist[idx] /= gensumw[idx]*0.1;
        ofs << "\n# " << etadist[idx]->getTitle() << endl;
        etadist[idx]->table(ofs);
        delete etadist[idx];
      }

      // Print out average central charged multiplicity as a function of
      // centrality.
      ofs << "\n# Nch0\n";
      for ( int idx = 0; idx < 9; ++idx ) {
        double Nch = cmult[idx]/gensumw[idx];
        cmult2[idx] = (cmult2[idx]/gensumw[idx] - pow2(Nch))/gensumn[idx];
        ofs << setprecision(2) << setw(4) << int(pclim[idx]*100.0 + 0.5)
            << setw(10) << Nch << setw(10) << sqrt(cmult2[idx]) <<endl;
      }
      ofs << "\n# Nwc\n";
      for ( int idx = 0; idx < 9; ++idx ) {
        double Nw = wound[idx]/gensumw[idx];
        wound2[idx] = (wound2[idx]/gensumw[idx] - pow2(Nw))/gensumn[idx];
        ofs << setprecision(2) << setw(4) << int(pclim[idx]*100.0 + 0.5)
            << setw(10) << Nw << setw(10) << sqrt(wound2[idx]) <<endl;
      }

      // Befor we end we print out some statistics. Also, we want to check
      // that our generated centrality classes were the same as we
      // guessed.
      pythia.stat();
      double curr = 0.0;
      double prev = 0.0;
      double acc = 0.0;
      int idxa = 8;
      double lim = sumw*(1.0 - pclim[idxa]);
      vector<double> newlim(9);
      for ( multimap<double, double>::iterator it = gencent.begin();
            it != gencent.end(); ++it ) {
        prev = curr;
        curr = it->first;
        double w = it->second;
        if ( acc < lim && acc + w >= lim ) {
          newlim[idxa--] = prev + (curr - prev)*(lim - acc)/w;
          if ( idxa < 0 ) break;
          lim = sumw*(1.0 - pclim[idxa]);
        }
        acc += w;
      }

      cout << "The generated limits between centrality classes in this run:\n"
           << "   %   assumed    actual\n";
      for ( int idx = 0; idx < 9; ++idx )
        cout << setw(4) << int(pclim[idx]*100.0 + 0.5)
             << setw(10) << fixed << setprecision(1) << genlim[idx]
             << setw(10) << fixed << setprecision(1) << newlim[idx] << endl;

      // And we're done!
      return 0;
    }