## main264

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    // main264.cc is a part of the PYTHIA event generator.
    // Copyright (C) 2025 Torbjorn Sjostrand.
    // PYTHIA is licenced under the GNU GPL v2 or later, see COPYING for details.
    // Please respect the MCnet Guidelines, see GUIDELINES for details.

    // Authors:
    //            Christian Bierlich
    //            Stephen Mrenna
    //            Philip Ilten

    // Keywords:
    //            Hadronization
    //            Reweighting
    //            Tuning

    // Demonstrates how to reweight an event for different flavor
    // parameters, after the event has been produced, i.e. post-hoc rather
    // than in-situ reweighting. The result here should be equivalent to
    // the in-situ flavor reweighitng of main263. The power of this method
    // is that by saving a minimal set of information per event (10
    // doubles per string), the entire event can be reweighted to whatever
    // flavor parameters are requested by the user.

    // Pythia includes.
    #include "Pythia8/Pythia.h"
    #include "Pythia8Plugins/FlavorVariations.h"
    #include "Pythia8/PythiaParallel.h"

    using namespace Pythia8;

    int main() {

      // Define the new set of flavor parameters that we wish to reweight
      // to. This can be set at the event level, but we define it here so
      // that we can compare with the in-situ reweighting.
      double rho = 0.2;  // StringFlav:ProbStoUD
      double xi  = 0.1;  // StringFlav:ProbQQtoQ
      double x   = 0.9;  // StringFlav:ProbSQtoQQ
      double y   = 0.04; // StringFlav:ProbQQ1toQQ0

      // Create, configure, and initialize Pythia.
      PythiaParallel pythia;
      pythia.readString("Beams:idA = 11");
      pythia.readString("Beams:idB = -11");
      pythia.readString("Beams:eCM = 91.189");
      pythia.readString("PDF:lepton = off");
      pythia.readString("WeakSingleBoson:ffbar2gmZ = on");
      pythia.readString("23:onMode = off");
      pythia.readString("23:onIfAny = 1 2 3 4 5");
      pythia.readString("HadronLevel:Decay = off");
      pythia.readString("StringFlav:popcornRate = 0");
      //pythia.readString("Parallelism:numThreads = 1");
      pythia.readString("VariationFrag:List = {flav frag:rho=" + to_string(rho)
        + " frag:xi=" + to_string(xi) + " frag:x=" + to_string(x)
        + " frag:y=" + to_string(y) + "}");
      pythia.init();

      // Define the plot title.
      string title = "default: (" +
        toString(pythia.settings.parm("StringFlav:ProbStoUD")) + ", " +
        toString(pythia.settings.parm("StringFlav:ProbQQtoQ")) + ", " +
        toString(pythia.settings.parm("StringFlav:ProbSQtoQQ")) + ", " +
        toString(pythia.settings.parm("StringFlav:ProbQQ1toQQ0")) + "), " +
        "variation: (" + toString(rho) + ", " + toString(xi) + ", " +
        toString(x) + ", " + toString(y) + ") ";

      // Create the reweighting tool given a settings object. Here, since
      // the parallel framework is being used, the settings from the
      // helper Pythia object which is used to intialize the other Pythia
      // versions is passed.
      FlavorVariations vars(pythia.pythiaHelper.settings);
      // Alternatively, the tool can be created by passing the default parameters.
      // FlavorVariations vars(xiDefault, rhoDefault, xDefault, yDefault);

      // Calculate the derived parameters for a given xi, rho, x, and y.
      // This operation is expensive, so should be done up front and only
      // once for each set of primary parameters.
      vector<double> parms = vars.parms(xi, rho, x, y);

      // Identified final state hadrons to include in the histograms.
      vector<int> hadrons = {
        211, 221, 331, 213, 223, 321, 311, 333, 2212, 2112, 2214, 2224, 3222,
        3212, 3122, 3322, 3334};

      // Define multiplicity histograms.
      // default:     the default parameters in Pythia
      // posthoc-wgt: post-hoc reweighted using the Pythia event
      // posthoc-str: post-hoc reweighted using the saved string break
      // insitu:      in-situ reweighted
      // rerun:       a run with the varied parameters
      vector<string> names = {
        "default", "posthoc-wgt", "posthoc-str", "insitu", "rerun"};
      map<string, Hist> hists;
      for (string &name : names)
        hists[name] = Hist(name, hadrons.size(), 0, hadrons.size());

      // Track the weights.
      map<string, double> wgts, sumWgts, sumWgt2s;
      for (string &name : names)
        wgts[name] = sumWgts[name] = sumWgt2s[name] = 0;
      names.pop_back();

      // Run events.
      int nEvent = 1e6;
      // This defines a lambda function that acts as a callback.
      // This function is called for each event generated.
      // The argument is a pointer to the instance that generated the event.
      pythia.run( nEvent,[&](Pythia* pythiaPtr) {

        Event &event = pythiaPtr->event;

        // The necessary information for reweighting later can be saved to
        // a string. Note, other serialization implementations can be
        // used, and could then be implemented with symmetric
        // FlavorVariations::read and FlavorVariations::write methods.
        string saved = vars.write(pythiaPtr->info.weightContainerPtr
          ->weightsFragmentation.flavBreaks);

        // For the default parameters, the weight is just 1.
        wgts["default"] = 1;

        // Calculate the weight for the event, assuming we already have
        // the weight container and associated string breaks.
        wgts["posthoc-wgt"] = vars.weight(parms,
          pythiaPtr->info.weightContainerPtr->weightsFragmentation.flavBreaks);

        // If instead we have saved the breaks to a string, as we did
        // above, we can calculate the weight from the saved string.
        wgts["posthoc-str"] = vars.weight(parms, vars.read(saved));

        // We can also use the in-situ reweighting.
        wgts["insitu"] = pythiaPtr->info.weightValueByIndex(1);

        // Keep track of the weights.
        for (string &name : names) {
          sumWgts[name]  += wgts[name];
          sumWgt2s[name] += pow2(wgts[name]);
        }

        // Fill the histograms.
        for (const Particle &prt : event) {
          if (!prt.isFinal()) continue;
          int pid = prt.idAbs();
          int idx = -1;
          for (int iHad = 0; iHad < (int)hadrons.size(); ++iHad)
            if (pid == hadrons[iHad]) {idx = iHad; break;}
          if (idx < 0) continue;
          for (string &name : names) hists[name].fill(idx, wgts[name]);
        }
      });
      pythia.stat();

      // Rerun Pythia with the varied parameters.
      pythia.settings.parm("StringFlav:ProbStoUD",    rho);
      pythia.settings.parm("StringFlav:ProbQQtoQ",    xi);
      pythia.settings.parm("StringFlav:ProbSQtoQQ",   x);
      pythia.settings.parm("StringFlav:ProbQQ1toQQ0", y);
      pythia.settings.wvec("VariationFrag:List",      {});
      pythia.init();

      pythia.run( nEvent, [&](Pythia* pythiaPtr) {

        Event &event = pythiaPtr->event;
        sumWgts["rerun"]  += 1;
        sumWgt2s["rerun"] += 1;
        for (const Particle &prt : event) {
          if (!prt.isFinal()) continue;
          int pid = prt.idAbs();
          int idx = -1;
          for (int iHad = 0; iHad < (int)hadrons.size(); ++iHad)
            if (pid == hadrons[iHad]) {idx = iHad; break;}
          if (idx >= 0) hists["rerun"].fill(idx, 1.);
        }
      });
      pythia.stat();

      // Normalize the histograms.
      for (auto &hist : hists) hist.second /= sumWgts[hist.first];

      // Print the histogram ratios.
      string xlabel;
      for (int iHad = 0; iHad < (int)hadrons.size(); ++iHad) {
        string name = pythia.particleData.name(hadrons[iHad]);
        cout << left << setw(3) << iHad << ": " << name << "\n";
        xlabel += " " + name + "(" + to_string(iHad) + ")";
      }
      for (auto &hist : hists)
        cout << "\n" << hist.first << hist.second/hists["default"];

      // Print the reweighting stats.
      // The 1 - mu should be statistically consistent with zero if the
      // reweighting has proper coverage.
      // The n_eff gives the statistical power of the reweighted sample.
      for (string &name : names) {
        double w(sumWgts[name]), w2(sumWgt2s[name]), n(sumWgts["default"]);
        cout << name << "\n"
             << "\t1 - mu = " << scientific << setprecision(3) << abs(1. - w/n)
             << " +- "<< abs(1. - sqrt((w2/n - pow2(w/n))*n/(n - 1)))/sqrt(n)
             << "\n\tn_eff  = " << scientific << setprecision(3) << w/sqrt(n*w2)
             << "\n";
      }

      // Create Python plot.
      HistPlot hpl("main264plot");
      hpl.frame("main264plot", title, xlabel, "n(variation)/n(default)");
      for (string &name : names)
        hpl.add(hists[name]/hists["default"], "e", name);
      hpl.add(hists["rerun"]/hists["default"], "e", "rerun");
      hpl.plot();

      return 0;
    }