## main511

Back to index.

    // main511.cc is a part of the PYTHIA event generator.
    // Copyright (C) 2025 Torbjorn Sjostrand.
    // PYTHIA is licenced under the GNU GPL v2 or later, see COPYING for details.
    // Please respect the MCnet Guidelines, see GUIDELINES for details.

    // Authors:
    //            Torbjorn Sjostrand

    // Keywords:
    //            Hidden Valley
    //            Hadronization
    //            Shower

    // Comparison of a two-flavour Standard Model with a rescaled Hidden Valley.
    // Should give almost perfect agreement, modulo minor issues like the eta'.
    // Actually, the three HV setups ideally should give identical results.

    #include "Pythia8/Pythia.h"
    using namespace Pythia8;

    //==========================================================================

    int main() {

      // Set up factor by which the HV masses and energies are rescaled
      // relative to the SM. Operates in a two-flavour scenario for simplicity.
      double rescale = 5.0;

      // Allow simple parton shower or not.
      bool doShower = false;

      // Set number of events and reference CM energy.
      int nEvent    = 1000000;
      double eCMref = 1000.;

      // Book histograms.
      int nPrimMax     = (doShower) ? 100 : 50;
      double pTPrimMax = (doShower) ? 10. : 2.;
      Hist nPrim[4], dndyPrim[4], pTPrim[4], mPrim[4];
      for (int iCase = 0; iCase < 4; ++iCase) {
        nPrim[iCase].book("multiplicity primaries", nPrimMax, -0.5, nPrimMax-0.5);
        dndyPrim[iCase].book("dn/dy primaries",     100, -10., 10.);
        pTPrim[iCase].book("pT primaries",          100, 0., pTPrimMax);
        mPrim[iCase].book("mass primaries",         100, 0., 2.);
      }

      // Loop over four cases: SM and three ways of setting HV parameters.
      for (int iCase = 0; iCase < 4; ++iCase) {
        double rescaleNow = (iCase == 0) ? 1. : rescale;

        // Generator; shorthand for event and particleData.
        Pythia pythia;
        Event& event      = pythia.event;
        ParticleData& pdt = pythia.particleData;
        double temp;

        // Key requirement: switch off ProcessLevel, and thereby also PartonLevel.
        pythia.readString("ProcessLevel:all = off");

        // Reduce printout of number of events generated.
        pythia.readString("Next:numberCount = 1000000");

        // Switch off ordinary decays.
        pythia.readString("HadronLevel:Decay = off");

        // Standard model with two light flavours; no strangeness or baryons.
        if (iCase == 0) {
          pythia.readString("StringFlav:probStoUD = 0.");
          pythia.readString("StringFlav:probQQtoQ = 0.");

        // Two-flavour Hidden Valley, like the Standard Model with only u and d.
        } else {
          pythia.readString("HiddenValley:Ngauge = 3");
          pythia.readString("HiddenValley:nFlav = 2");
          pythia.readString("HiddenValley:fragment = on");
          pythia.readString("HiddenValley:separateFlav = on");
          pythia.readString("HiddenValley:probVector = 0.34");
          // Effective parameter, weighing in also etaPrime suppression in SM.
          pythia.readString("HiddenValley:probKeepEta1 = 0.4");

          // Set up Hidden Valley masses and widths, rescaled from Standard Model.
          int idOld[8] = { 1, 2, 111, 211, 221, 113, 213, 223};
          int idNew[8] = { 4900101, 4900102, 4900111, 4900211, 4900221,
            4900113, 4900213, 4900223};
          for (int idLoop = 0; idLoop < 8; ++idLoop) {
            pdt.m0(      idNew[idLoop], rescale * pdt.m0(idOld[idLoop]) );
            if (idLoop > 1) {
              pdt.mWidth(idNew[idLoop], rescale * pdt.mWidth(idOld[idLoop]) );
              pdt.mMin(  idNew[idLoop], rescale * pdt.mMin(idOld[idLoop]) );
              pdt.mMax(  idNew[idLoop], rescale * pdt.mMax(idOld[idLoop]) );
            }
          }
        }

        // Alternatives for HV setup.
        if (iCase == 2) {
           pythia.readString("HiddenValley:setabsigma = 1");
           pythia.settings.parm("HiddenValley:LambdaNPQCD", 0.4 * pdt.m0(113));
           pythia.settings.parm("HiddenValley:LambdaNPHV",  0.4 * pdt.m0(4900113));
        } else if (iCase == 3) {
           pythia.readString("HiddenValley:setabsigma = 2");
           temp = pythia.settings.parm("StringZ:bLund");
           pythia.settings.parm("HiddenValley:bLund", temp / pow2(rescale));
           temp = pythia.settings.parm("StringPT:sigma");
           pythia.settings.parm("HiddenValley:sigmaLund", rescale * temp);
        }

        // Set up SM shower with fixed alphaS for simplicity.
        if (doShower && iCase == 0) {
          pythia.readString("TimeShower:alphaSorder = 0");
          pythia.readString("TimeShower:alphaSvalue = 0.12");
          pythia.readString("TimeShower:pTmin = 0.5");
          pythia.readString("TimeShower:QEDshowerByQ = off");
          pythia.readString("TimeShower:nGluonToQuark = 2");

        // Set up HV shower with fixed alphaS for simplicity.
        } else if (doShower) {
          pythia.readString("HiddenValley:FSR = on");
          pythia.readString("HiddenValley:alphaOrder = 0");
          pythia.readString("HiddenValley:alphaFSR = 0.12");
          pythia.settings.parm("HiddenValley:pTminFSR", rescale * 0.5);
        }

        // Exit with error if Pythia fails to initialize.
        if (!pythia.init()) return 1;

        // Initial flavours and colours.
        int idEnd  = (iCase == 0) ? 2 : 4900102;
        int iCol   = (iCase == 0) ? 101 : 0;
        // Warning: forceTimeShower does not catch already used HV colours,
        // so setting iColHV > 100 would mess up colour assignments in shower.
        int iColHV = (iCase == 0) ? 0 : 100;

        // Initial kinematics.
        double eCM  = rescaleNow * eCMref;
        double mEnd = pdt.m0(idEnd);
        double eEnd = 0.5 * eCM;
        double pEnd = sqrt( eEnd*eEnd - mEnd*mEnd);

        // Begin of event loop.
        for (int iEvent = 0; iEvent < nEvent; ++iEvent) {

          // Set up parton-level configuration.
          event.reset();
          int i1 = event.append(  idEnd, 23, iCol, 0, 0., 0.,  pEnd, eEnd, mEnd);
          int i2 = event.append( -idEnd, 23, 0, iCol, 0., 0., -pEnd, eEnd, mEnd);
          event[i1].colsHV( iColHV, 0);
          event[i2].colsHV( 0, iColHV);

          // Perform shower evolution.
          if (doShower) {
            event[1].scale( eCM);
            event[2].scale( eCM);
            pythia.forceTimeShower( 1, 2, eCM);
          }

          // Generate events. Skip if failure.
          if (!pythia.next()) continue;

          // Loop over all primary hadrons and count them.
          int nPrimary = 0;
          for (int i = 0; i < event.size(); ++i) {
            if (event[i].status() < 0) continue;
            ++nPrimary;

            // Rapidity, pT and mass spectra of primary hadrons.
            dndyPrim[iCase].fill( event[i].y() );
            pTPrim[iCase].fill( event[i].pT() / rescaleNow);
            mPrim[iCase].fill( event[i].m() / rescaleNow);

          // End of hadron loop. Number of primary hadrons.
          }
          nPrim[iCase].fill( nPrimary );

        // End of event loop. Print statistics and rescale histograms.
        }
        pythia.stat();
        nPrim[iCase]    *=   1. / double(nEvent);
        dndyPrim[iCase] *=   5. / double(nEvent);
        pTPrim[iCase]   *= 100. / (pTPrimMax * double(nEvent));
        mPrim[iCase]    *=  50. / double(nEvent);
        cout << nPrim[iCase] << dndyPrim[iCase] << pTPrim[iCase] << mPrim[iCase];

      // End of case loop.
      }

      // Write Python code for plotting.
      HistPlot hpl("plot511");
      hpl.frame("fig511", "Primary hadron multiplicity distribution",
        "$n$", "$\\mathrm{d}P/\\mathrm{d}n$");
      hpl.add( nPrim[0], "h,red", "SM");
      hpl.add( nPrim[1], "h,black", "HV set = 0");
      hpl.add( nPrim[2], "h,blue", "HV set = 1");
      hpl.add( nPrim[3], "h,green", "HV set = 2");
      hpl.plot();
      hpl.frame("", "Primary hadron rapidity distribution",
        "$y$", "$\\mathrm{d}N/\\mathrm{d}y$");
      hpl.add( dndyPrim[0], "-,red", "SM");
      hpl.add( dndyPrim[1], "-,black", "HV set = 0");
      hpl.add( dndyPrim[2], "--,blue", "HV set = 1");
      hpl.add( dndyPrim[3], ".,green", "HV set = 2");
      hpl.plot();
      hpl.frame("", "Primary hadron transverse momentum distribution (rescaled)",
        "$p_{\\perp}$", "$\\mathrm{d}N/\\mathrm{d}p_{\\perp}$");
      hpl.add( pTPrim[0], "-,red", "SM");
      hpl.add( pTPrim[1], "-,black", "HV set = 0");
      hpl.add( pTPrim[2], "--,blue", "HV set = 1");
      hpl.add( pTPrim[3], ".,green", "HV set = 2");
      hpl.plot();
      hpl.frame("", "Primary hadron mass distribution (rescaled)",
        "$m$", "$\\mathrm{d}N/\\mathrm{d}m$");
      hpl.add( mPrim[0], "h,red", "SM");
      hpl.add( mPrim[1], "h,black", "HV set = 0");
      hpl.add( mPrim[2], "h,blue", "HV set = 1");
      hpl.add( mPrim[3], "h,green", "HV set = 2");
      hpl.plot();

      // Done.
      return 0;
    }